Such discrepancies may be attributed to various approximations employed in the simulations, and there is a need for first-principles calculations, particularly of neutrino transfer without artificial approximations. 2020 Müller & Varma 2020 but see also Bollig et al. Although successfully exploding models are not rare these days, the results do not agree with one another among different groups moreover, the explosion energy obtained by the numerical simulations is commonly small, only ∼10% of the typical observed values (O'Connor & Couch 2018 Vartanyan et al. Ever since the first detailed study of the core-collapse events by Colgate & White ( 1966), many attempts have been made to model their dynamics and observational signals. Such a core-collapse event is a complicated phenomenon governed by nonlinear equations, and its accurate modeling is obtained only by numerical simulations. Massive stars (≳8 M ⊙) end their lives with gravitational collapse and eventually form compact objects such as neutron stars (NSs) and black holes (BHs Janka 2012 Burrows 2013 Foglizzo et al. Second, we calculate the neutrino transport in a fixed matter background, which is taken from a core-collapse supernova simulation with our general relativistic but spherically symmetric Boltzmann hydrodynamics code, to obtain a steady neutrino distribution the results are compared with those given by the latter code. We first compute the free streaming of neutrinos in the Schwarzschild and Kerr spacetimes and compare the results with the geodesic curves in the Schwarzschild case, we deploy not only a 1D grid in space under spherical symmetry but also a 2D spatial mesh under axisymmetry in order to assess the capability of the code to compute the spatial advection of neutrinos. In order to demonstrate our code's capability to treat general relativistic effects, we conduct some tests. ![]() The code is an extension of our special relativistic code coupled to a Newtonian hydrodynamics code, which is currently employed for core-collapse supernova simulations. We employ the discrete ordinate method, which discretizes the 6D phase space. We develop a neutrino transfer code for core-collapse simulations that directly solves the multidimensional Boltzmann equations in full general relativity.
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